BRITAIN AT BAY

The first of two volumes in which British historian Allport delivers his opinionated analysis that carries a modest whiff of revisionism.

Though Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain sometimes gave the impression that he was “a weak and timid politician,” Allport emphasizes that he was a combative, dynamic prime minister who considered himself “an acute judge of character and a sharp negotiator.” The author condemns him for betraying Czechoslovakia to Hitler at the October Munich talks, but he adds that Britons dreaded repeating the slaughter of World War I. “Chamberlain’s error was not to hate war,” writes Allport, “but to assume that everyone hated it as much as he did.” In fact, Hitler yearned to invade Czechoslovakia and eventually considered the Munich agreement a defeat. The author, a fluid, incisive historian, reminds readers that Chamberlain returned from Munich to almost unanimous acclaim. Despite his early denunciation of Hitler, Churchill, in 1938 “was seen by the nation as a reactionary Tory turncoat...who was widely unpopular and roundly distrusted.” He was definitely not prescient in sharing (along with Chamberlain) the fantasy that mass bombing would determine a future war, so both starved the army to support the air force. The British look back on the “phony war” from September 1939 to June 1940 as a mistake—not of their own making—that concluded with the heroism of Dunkirk and then their “Finest Hour” while the French collapsed. Allport’s provocative view will intrigue American readers, if not his countrymen, as he maintains that France’s army was not demoralized, poorly equipped, or led by incompetents. French historians point out (to this day) that Britain intended for its ally to bear the brunt of the fighting and then held back its air force when the issue was in doubt, made the decision to evacuate without consulting them, and insisted that British troops take priority at Dunkirk. There followed a year of mostly defeats until Hitler’s June 1941 invasion of Russia relieved the pressure.

These are familiar events, but Allport’s interpretation is superb.