GOD'S SHADOW

The chair of the history department at Yale offers an impressive revisionist history of the great Ottoman expansion circa 1500 and its impact on East-West relations.

In what he calls “an innovative, even revolutionary” history, Mikhail draws on world-spanning source material to demonstrate the enormous, long-felt influence of the Islamic empire under Ottoman sultans Mehmet II, who captured Constantinople in 1453; and his son Bayezid and grandson Selim who tripled the empire's territory. The author, whose previous books have focused on other elements of the Ottoman realm, convincingly argues that it was the Ottoman monopoly on trade routes, combined with military advances, that thrust Spain and Portugal out of the Mediterranean, forcing the “merchants and sailors…to become global explorers.” This included Christopher Columbus, who cut his military teeth as a “Moor-slayer.” Mikhail concentrates on Selim as the leader who consolidated his grandfather’s successes in a stunningly brief time, eschewing “palace intrigue, factionalism, and greed” in favor of a quest to restore the empire to its former military glory. “Whoever they were,” writes the author, “Selim wanted men who would fight with zeal and inspiration, soldiers who were willing to sacrifice.” Selim took on the rival Safavid empire and then pushed his brother out of the way to conquer the Mamluk empire in 1517. Selim’s conquest of Yemen allowed his army to control the “first truly global commodity”—coffee—and subsequently made it the “phenomenon it is today,” a product that “energizes nearly every kind of social interaction across the world.” In sharply drawn chapters, many of which contain enough ideas for a separate book, Mikhail restores the Ottoman Empire to its rightful place as a “fulcrum” of global power. The chronology (1071-1566) is helpful, and an ominous coda delineates how the current Turkish president has appropriated Selim's legacy for his own authoritarian purposes.

A massively ambitious study, largely accessible and percolating with ideas for further study.