OUR ANCIENT FAITH

Lincoln's political philosophy in sharp relief.

Princeton University distinguished research scholar Guelzo, a three-time winner of the Gilder Lehrman Lincoln Prize, presents a detailed analysis of the 16th president's conception of and reverence for democracy as the pinnacle of political aspiration and accomplishment, what Lincoln called "my ancient faith." As the author adroitly points out, Lincoln often used terms such as democracy, representative democracy, and constitutional republic interchangeably; he only explicitly defined what democracy was not, which was slavery. For the self-made Lincoln, democracy required consent. Guelzo uses his vast knowledge of Lincoln's speeches, state papers, and letters to more fully interpret Lincolnian democracy, particularly regarding the principle of the sovereignty of the people and reverence for prudent laws faithfully observed. He is particularly enlightening concerning the evolution of Lincoln's political and economic philosophy, notably the influence of Whig politician Henry Clay, philosopher John Stuart Mill, and political economist Henry Carey; democracy’s role in racial issues and emancipation; and the cultural mores that support democracy—in Lincoln’s view, property ownership, religious morality, toleration, and electioneering. Guelzo also contrasts Lincoln's views about Jacksonian democracy and the Constitution's protections against insurrection with that of his hand-wringing predecessor, James Buchanan, who “was so loath to reach for anything that looked like ‘necessity’ in dealing with secession that he convinced himself that the Constitution literally prevented him from acting against secession.” The author offers a balanced discussion of Lincoln's expansion of government and abridgement of civil liberties during the war, and considers whether federalism suffered or was enhanced by Lincoln’s administration. The epilogue, “What If Lincoln Had Lived?” illuminates Lincoln's views as the American body politic continues to wrestle with the meaning of democracy, which “is still the best method for people to live lives free from domination and exploitation.”

A brilliant, evenhanded, and timely political history.