PUSHED

A history of the tense relationships among White settlers, Chinese miners, and Indigenous peoples of the American West in the late 19th century.

When Spagna set out to write about a possible massacre of Chinese miners in the Columbia River Gorge, she confronted countless obstacles to her research. She could only find a single original record of the so-called Chelan Falls Massacre, an 1892 newspaper article about the killings that read more like a pulp novel than scrupulous reporting. Furthermore, nearly everyone she spoke to in the region offered conflicting accounts of what happened. According to some, nearly 300 Chinese miners had been pushed off a ledge by a group of Indigenous people in the area, while others said that the murderers had been White people dressed as Natives—a not-uncommon practice that conveniently denigrated both groups. Still others believed that it hadn’t been 300 people massacred but 300 feet that they fell. In her quest to uncover the truth, Spagna provides a thorough and insightful depiction of what Chinese immigrant life might have looked like in the 1800s. This history is overlooked despite the fact that by the late 19th century, Chinese immigrants “were doing the lion’s share of work in the West,” including up to “three quarters of the farm labor in California.” The author creates a poignant and damning narrative of discrimination and exclusion integral to the formation of the modern West. Blatantly xenophobic legislation—e.g., the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882—expelled many immigrants from the region, while many others faced violence. How a historian chooses to narrate a particular history is significant in countless ways. Spagna is insistent in her efforts to “tune our imaginations to empathy rather than exploitation,” and she succeeds in demonstrating that “when given the opportunity to listen, we should.”

A solid history of Western expansion, a powerful refrain against xenophobia, and a celebration of those who resist.