ON NOT BEING SOMEONE ELSE

How unlived lives permeate our literature and our psyches.

The examples begin with “The Road Not Taken,” “the classic poem of unled lives,” but Miller, a professor of English at Johns Hopkins, extends that theme all the way through It’s a Wonderful Life and Jenny Offill’s contemporary novel Dept. of Speculation. The author also ponders the possibilities of those alternate lives in his own mind, inviting readers to do the same. He describes how the early stages of a life (or novel or story) have expansive possibilities, how critical choices narrow those possibilities—through marriage, geography, vocation, etc.—and how the resulting narrow road leaves us pondering those roads that led in different directions. Miller shows how this recognition of unled lives informs fiction, how characters define their lives in contrast to those not led, how novelists acknowledge that their artistic choices don’t preclude reflection on others they might have chosen, and how plotlines that seem inevitable might have taken different turns. “Regret and relief are the emotions we’ve seen most often in these stories, and regret much more often than relief,” he writes. “Either may be overwhelming, but neither is obscure. Their sources are usually clear.” However, the way in which characters realize that they could have been this or could have done that isn’t limited to the page; the process invites empathy from readers, who may realize that their own identities have been circumscribed by the lives not lived and choices not made. “Regret and relief may be the most familiar signs of our unled lives, but this heartbreaking beauty is the most moving to me,” writes Miller. “It’s the freedom and loneliness of middle age.” The author proceeds from close readings of Dickens, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf to a particularly incisive examination of the narrative strategy in Ian McEwan’s Atonement.

A strong, pleasing work that is as much about living as about reading and writing.