KARL MARX IN AMERICA

Cultural and intellectual history of Marx’s engagements with the U.S., and the following he found.

Karl Marx, historian Hartman writes, was fascinated by the U.S. as “the nation most committed to the economic and social systems formed by capitalism.” He had fleeting hope that his concept of freedom as encompassing economic independence would find a home in the U.S., even as Abraham Lincoln—who, casual readers might not know, was the subject of much of Marx’s work as a journalist writing for Horace Greeley’s New York Daily Tribune—also hoped that “workers might break free of capital and work for themselves.” The alignment had enough points of difference, of course, to separate Lincoln’s Republicanism from Marx’s socialism and communism. Marx supported the Union and Lincoln in particular during the Civil War, if for nuanced reasons: He was adamantly opposed to slavery, “a product of his firm belief that abolition was an essential step toward working-class emancipation.” That is, slavery and wage slavery were not so far apart. Marx’s optimism faded as Andrew Johnson, whom he called “excessively vacillating and weak,” undid the higher goals of abolitionism during Reconstruction. Hartman goes on to examine how thinkers such as C.L.R. James and political figures such as Franklin Roosevelt interpreted Marx’s thought in later years, the former in his radical history of the Haitian war of independence, the latter in shaping some of the planks of the New Deal—for, as Roosevelt said, “There is no question in my mind…that it is time for the country to become fairly radical for at least one generation.” With the recent rise of populism and nationalism, Hartman concludes at the end of his era-by-era survey, it might be time again. As he writes, echoing Marx, “What do we have to lose?”

A nimble study that sheds new light on Marx’s thought and enduring influence.