A thorough account of the “engine rooms of medieval society.”
Not simply solitary figures.
Jotischky, professor of medieval history at the University of London, author of A Hermit’s Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages, writes that at the height of their influence (c. 800-1300), “monasteries provided intellectual leadership for the institutions of Church and civil government, innovation in religious thought and practice, pastoral care, medical provision, education, visual culture and agricultural development” while providing alms for the poor, hospitality for travelers, and schooling for local people. Almost as soon as Roman Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity in 312, pious individuals began devoting their lives to serving God. Avoiding individuals (“mendicants,” “anchorites”), he focuses on enclosed communities that first appeared in the eastern Mediterranean in the fourth century, most likely in Egypt. They quickly spread, becoming an indispensable feature of Christian society by the sixth century. By the 12th century, monasteries were fixed and immutable points in political culture. They were found in towns and cities as well as remote areas. Abbots and even abbesses were regular attenders at royal and aristocratic courts. Possession of property brought responsibilities and obligations to the running of political society as well as quarrels. As businesses, they were employers and sources of labor and purchasers of goods. Monks themselves were used as representatives of governments at a time when professional diplomacy did not exist. World history, from the fall of Rome to the Enlightenment, makes its appearance, but Jotischky sticks closely to his specialty. The result is perhaps more than the average reader wants to know about the founding and influence of individual monasteries as well as the origin, philosophy, and controversies of the various schools: Cistercians, Cluniacs, Augustinians, Benedictines, Dominicans, Franciscans.
A thorough account of the “engine rooms of medieval society.”Pub Date: Jan. 14, 2025
ISBN: 9780300208566
Page Count: 464
Publisher: Yale Univ.
Review Posted Online: Oct. 25, 2024
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Dec. 1, 2024
PERSPECTIVES
Some of Avant’s mantras are overstated, but her book is magnanimous, inspiring, and relentlessly optimistic.
Memories and life lessons inspired by the author’s mother, who was murdered in 2021.
“Neither my mother nor I knew that her last text to me would be the words ‘Think you’ll be happy,’ ” Avant writes, "but it is fitting that she left me with a mantra for resiliency.” The author, a filmmaker and former U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas, begins her first book on the night she learned her mother, Jacqueline Avant, had been fatally shot during a home invasion. “One of my first thoughts,” she writes, “was, ‘Oh God, please don’t let me hate this man. Give me the strength not to hate him.’ ” Daughter of Clarence Avant, known as the “Black Godfather” due to his work as a pioneering music executive, the author describes growing up “in a house that had a revolving door of famous people,” from Ella Fitzgerald to Muhammad Ali. “I don’t take for granted anything I have achieved in my life as a Black American woman,” writes Avant. “And I recognize my unique upbringing…..I was taught to honor our past and pay forward our fruits.” The book, which is occasionally repetitive, includes tributes to her mother from figures like Oprah Winfrey and Bill Clinton, but the narrative core is the author’s direct, faith-based, unwaveringly positive messages to readers—e.g., “I don’t want to carry the sadness and anger I have toward the man who did this to my mother…so I’m worshiping God amid the worst storm imaginable”; "Success and feeling good are contagious. I’m all about positive contagious vibrations!” Avant frequently quotes Bible verses, and the bulk of the text reflects the spirit of her daily prayer “that everything is in divine order.” Imploring readers to practice proactive behavior, she writes, “We have to always find the blessing, to be the blessing.”
Some of Avant’s mantras are overstated, but her book is magnanimous, inspiring, and relentlessly optimistic.Pub Date: Oct. 17, 2023
ISBN: 9780063304413
Page Count: 288
Publisher: HarperOne
Review Posted Online: Aug. 17, 2023
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Sept. 15, 2023
An incisive, urgently relevant analysis of—and call to action on—America’s foundational ideal.
An examination of how the U.S. can revitalize its commitment to freedom.
In this ambitious study, Snyder, author of On Tyranny, The Road to Unfreedom, and other books, explores how American freedom might be reconceived not simply in negative terms—as freedom from coercion, especially by the state—but positive ones: the freedom to develop our human potential within sustaining communal structures. The author blends extensive personal reflections on his own evolving understanding of liberty with definitions of the concept by a range of philosophers, historians, politicians, and social activists. Americans, he explains, often wrongly assume that freedom simply means the removal of some barrier: “An individual is free, we think, when the government is out of the way. Negative freedom is our common sense.” In his careful and impassioned description of the profound implications of this conceptual limitation, Snyder provides a compelling account of the circumstances necessary for the realization of positive freedom, along with a set of detailed recommendations for specific sociopolitical reforms and policy initiatives. “We have to see freedom as positive, as beginning from virtues, as shared among people, and as built into institutions,” he writes. The author argues that it’s absurd to think of government as the enemy of freedom; instead, we ought to reimagine how a strong government might focus on creating the appropriate conditions for human flourishing and genuine liberty. Another essential and overlooked element of freedom is the fostering of a culture of solidarity, in which an awareness of and concern for the disadvantaged becomes a guiding virtue. Particularly striking and persuasive are the sections devoted to eviscerating the false promises of libertarianism, exposing the brutal injustices of the nation’s penitentiaries, and documenting the wide-ranging pathologies that flow from a tax system favoring the ultrawealthy.
An incisive, urgently relevant analysis of—and call to action on—America’s foundational ideal.Pub Date: Sept. 17, 2024
ISBN: 9780593728727
Page Count: 368
Publisher: Crown
Review Posted Online: June 25, 2024
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Aug. 1, 2024
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