GOLD, OIL AND AVOCADOS

Sharp portraits of the predatory resource extraction practices that continue to plague Latin America.

In trying to combat poverty and inequity, Latin America has returned to unsustainable systems of extracting precious resources, as Robinson clearly demonstrates in this deeply troubling exposé. The author often refers back to Eduardo Galeano’s Open Veins of Latin America (1971), which chronicled the continent’s dictator-driven history of plunder of natural resources for the economic benefit of the oligarchy. Despite the so-called “pink tide” in the early years of the 20th century—a trend that included such progressive leaders as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in Brazil and Evo Morales in Bolivia—the urgent need to raise economic growth rates as a means to combat poverty and generate development has allowed the ruinous old model to return. In a work of excellent on-the-ground reportage, Robinson delineates how the demand for natural resources, “from soy to niobium, beef to gold, and oil to avocado,” is creating dangerous extraction cycles. Readers see the devastation firsthand as the author leads us to obscure, hard-to-reach mines and farming backwaters in countries from Brazil to Ecuador, Venezuela to Chile. Soy harvested from the ill Amazon rainforest supplies industrial chicken plants in Europe with some of the raw material to turn out billions of Chicken McNuggets. The potato, essential to the pre-Columbian civilizations in the Andean highlands, has been converted into the addictive, ubiquitous potato chip. In the Mexican region of Michoacán, the avocado has fallen victim to a monoculture run by organized crime. Even if the destructive mining of oil decreases in coming years, the increased use of battery-powered technology will require further extraction of rare minerals like copper, cobalt, silver, and lithium. Despite mass protests over the past few years in Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador, Robinson is not optimistic about the future, but she lays out the situation in stark, penetrating detail.

An urgent eyewitness account of how culture and land are being destroyed by “a remorseless process of commodification.”