FOOTNOTES

A celebration of a groundbreaking musical that stands as a landmark in Black American cultural history.

Journalist and historian of popular culture Gaines offers an animated, well-researched history of the creation, production, and long afterlife of Shuffle Along, a show that burst into the New York entertainment world in 1921 and was revived, in many iterations, as recently as 2016. Central to the story are four Black entertainers: composers and lyricists Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake and comedians Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles. Multitalented and determined, the men managed to transcend the racial prejudice that dominated the entertainment world at a time when Black characters—even when played by Blacks themselves—habitually darkened their skin with burnt cork. “They would cover their faces until they were the color of tar,” Gaines writes, “leaving just enough space for them to paint on a wide mouth with bright red or white exaggerated lips. The look would become complete with a natty wig, tattered clothing, white gloves, on occasion, and a heavy Southern drawl with English so broken, it was hardly intelligible.” While all-Black musicals and vaudeville acts were popular with diverse audiences in the early 1900s, they were characterized by minstrelsy, much to the growing resentment of the Black community. Shuffle Along was revolutionary, featuring “a fast-moving syncopated jazz score with snappy lyrics, beautiful brown dancers, political satire,” and a book that challenged social taboos. Opening at a time of intensified racial violence, particularly directed at Black soldiers returning from World War I, the musical’s success surprised everyone who participated. Gaines recounts in thorough detail the show’s performances, show-stopping songs, critical reception, financial woes and triumphs, and tours and singers, some of whom went on to stardom—e.g., Josephine Baker, who was hired for the chorus and, in 1925, found fame in Paris; and Florence Mills, who became one of the most popular Black entertainers in the world.

A spirited, educative contribution to both theater history and Black history.