GOSSIP MEN

How a culture of rumor and innuendo helped three men grab power in mid-20th-century America.

Elias makes a stimulating book debut with interwoven biographies of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Wisconsin Sen. Joseph McCarthy, and lawyer Roy Cohn: three men who represent, and took advantage of, what the author calls “surveillance state masculinity.” An examination of their lives, Elias contends, reveals widespread assumptions about politics, gender, and sexuality that arose after World War I, when the idea of “manhood” generated profound anxiety. Once defined by production, patriarchy, and what Victorians called “muscular Christianity,” in the early to mid-20th century, manhood became “social, consumerist, and constantly under pressure to be proven and reproven.” At the same time, gossip found a forum in magazines and newspaper columns that spewed salacious tidbits about the lives of the powerful and wealthy, including speculations about “homosexuality, adultery, ‘transsexuality,’ various forms of vice, and mental illness.” As Elias notes, “gossip’s social function means that it is never frivolous, regardless of its content. It defines and redefines values, sets the parameters of group identity, can be used to challenge the social hierarchy.” Hoover, McCarthy, and Cohn shared the culture’s concerns about masculinity and worked to manipulate gossip for their own ends. Hoover created the “G-man”—and his own self-image—as an icon of masculinity and “bulwark against threats to the nation.” McCarthy, who honed his identity as a “blue-collar striver,” buttressed his campaign to rout out communists by linking “communism with effeminacy and homosexuality, protectionism with machismo.” Cohn, whose father was a notorious political fixer, saw manhood as synonymous with power: “Real men were influential: they socialized and conducted business with other powerful people.” Elias considers the allegations of homosexuality that dogged the men, but his overarching goal is to tie their rises—and falls—to the culture of gossip that, he rightly points out, endures in contemporary politics, notably with Trump.

A perceptive, well-informed political and cultural history.