THE MONEY KINGS

Spirited account of the first great American financiers, many of them German Jewish immigrants.

Lehman, Goldman, and Sachs are well-known names, writes Schulman, deputy Washington bureau chief of Mother Jones and author of the Koch family biography Sons of Wichita. Less well known are the American Warburgs and the Seligmans, but all built the nation’s first modern banking system. Many of these families first landed in the South. Henry Lehman, for example, was born in Bavaria but moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where he traded in that most valuable regional commodity, cotton. The need to establish a northern entrepôt brought some of the Lehman brothers to New York, “the nation’s financial capital” and “primary shipping link to European ports such as Liverpool, through which much of Britain’s cotton imports from the United States passed.” (So extensive was their network that it contributed to Ulysses S. Grant’s later-reversed, infamous order that Jews be expelled from the vast military district under his command.) Building family dynasties through intermarriage, Lehman and other Jewish entrepreneurs found opportunity in the post–Civil War need for financing through bonds. The deployment of the transatlantic telegraph cable soon internationalized the American market, requiring banking and trading services. Though Schulman is keenly aware of how antisemitic tropes have arisen from the financiers’ activities—which gave birth, he notes, to “the first American-Jewish lobby”—he points to plenty of gentiles who took the lead, including the Morgans, Harrimans, and Rockefellers. Many of their firms thrived for more than a century. However, as the author points out in this wide-ranging history, “Of the mighty German-Jewish financial houses that had defined an epoch of American finance, only Goldman Sachs, which waited until 1999 to go public, survived…to become the world’s preeminent investment bank.”

A welcome, highly readable contribution to American financial and social history.