GUARDIANS OF THE VALLEY

A comprehensive account of John Muir’s long battle to save Yosemite.

Scottish immigrant and Sierra Club founder Muir and conservation-minded President Theodore Roosevelt are remembered as the saviors of Yosemite and the neighboring redwood-rich slopes of California’s Sierra Nevada. However, King, the author of Skeletons on the Zahara and nonfiction adventure tales, demonstrates that many other players figure in that story, especially Robert Underwood Johnson, “one of America’s most prominent magazine editors,” who took it as his duty to “wrangle stories out of Muir” and urged him to take his considerable powers of communication to audiences via lecture tours and visits to Congress. Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and other areas were under full-scale assault in the Gilded Age. Foresters wanted the giant trees, miners wanted ores, and agricultural concerns and cities wanted the mountains’ vast stores of water. On the latter, one of the titanic battles Muir and Johnson fought—and lost—was to include the Hetch Hetchy Valley in their proposed Yosemite National Park; instead, Hetch Hetchy fed San Francisco with water for generations. The two protagonists were very different. “Whereas Muir was a philosopher and a man of action in the outdoors, he felt hopeless at swaying policy makers,” writes King. “Johnson, on the other hand, was an activist shaping the nation’s conversation.” Nonetheless, their collaboration was fruitful: Muir wrote for Johnson’s magazines and took political leaders to see for themselves, while Johnson worked the halls of Congress. King’s narrative is long but mostly lively, turning up small but meaningful moments of history—e.g., a gruesome train accident on a high grade or the felling of a giant redwood to cart off to exhibit in Chicago. The author is particularly adept at recounting the complex politics surrounding frontier resources in a time when official policy was utilitarian: multiple use and the greatest good for the greatest number of people—which, inarguably, preserving Yosemite forever accomplished.

A welcome study of environmental politics in action.