UNLIKELY HEROES

A deep examination of the four figures who were central to the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt.

As a political leader, Roosevelt played his cards close to his chest and never forgot a slight, however minor. Three men and one woman served him well in this stance, forming a kind of Cabinet within a Cabinet. Indeed, FDR’s official Cabinet was often hapless in selling the administration’s ambitious programs: “Attorney General Cummings had no wish to campaign because he was eyeing a Senate-confirmed appointment to the Supreme Court. Secretary of State Hull didn’t like making speeches, and made them ponderously anyway, while Commerce Secretary Roper had faded into invisibility. Treasury Secretary Morgenthau, according to Farley, was too nervous to use in any capacity.” As Leebaert—founding editor of International Security and author of Grand Improvisation and Magic and Mayhem—demonstrates, that left Harry Hopkins, Harold Ickes, Henry Wallace, and Frances Perkins to do the work. All were staggeringly intelligent, and most were flawed in surprising ways: Ickes once “seduced his stepdaughter,” Perkins was a melancholic married to a husband haunted by bipolar disorder, and Wallace harbored a desire to be president himself. When Roosevelt took power at the height of the Great Depression, he “identified the large established government departments that he believed vital to recovery: Agriculture, Interior, Labor, and Treasury.” Not surprisingly, the four stalwarts took leadership and, in one way or another, helped bring about recovery. Without stretching the point to hyperbole, Leebaert is good at adducing current themes in past history, including regional divisions, racism, inequality, trickle-down economics, and a politicized and obstructionist Supreme Court. Interestingly, thanks largely to Wallace and Perkins, FDR paid close attention to rural America, a lesson Democrats might learn today, and to battling segregation by, among other things, refusing government contracts to companies that engaged in discrimination.

A nuanced study of reformist government in action and its behind-the-scenes players.