AMERICA ON FIRE

Thought-provoking examination of “the cycle,” whereby minority protests against police brutality beget only more violence.

Yale historian Hinton focuses largely on Black communities. Early on, she recounts the history of lynch mobs across the country, reacting to Black advances in economic well-being and civil rights through armed violence, “a means to police the activities of Black people and to limit their access to jobs, leisure, franchise and to the political sphere.” In time, police forces came to do this work, and the result, “especially between 1968 and 1972,” was “internal violence on a scale not seen since the Civil War.” In a pattern all too familiar to minority citizens and, after the murder of George Floyd in 2020, to everyone with the means to see, the police typically react with more violence when some previous act of their violence is called into question. This is in some measure, by Hinton’s account, because of easily exploited calls on the parts of politicians and some voters for “law and order,” which in turn hinges on White fears “that Black people might rise up in violence,” fears that began with the first enslaved Black person on the continent. The cycle of public rebellions begins, as the author sharply describes it, with the police interfering with some ordinary activity, whether skateboarding or drinking in a park, and then confronting other young people who arrive to aid their peers. That cycle, Hinton persuasively argues, “began with the police.” Here she quotes James Baldwin, who noted that police rampaged minority communities “like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country.” Among Hinton’s many villains are one-time Florida state’s attorney Janet Reno, who declined to prosecute “police officers who violently attacked or killed Black residents.” Other attorneys have followed suit to this day—and so, Hinton’s well-reasoned and emphatically argued book has it, the cycle continues and shows no signs of abating.

A must-read for all concerned with civil rights and social justice in modern America.