SHAKESPEARE WAS A WOMAN AND OTHER HERESIES

Diving into a Shakespearean drama.

Journalist and literary critic Winkler makes her book debut with a witty, irreverent inquiry into a fraught question: Who wrote Shakespeare’s plays? That question inspired her essay, “Was Shakespeare a Woman?” published in the Atlantic in 2019, in which she proposed that Italian writer Emilia Bassano might have written, or contributed to, Shakespeare’s plays. The response by scholars was vicious. “In literary circles,” Winkler quickly discovered, “even the phrase ‘Shakespeare authorship question’ elicits contempt—eye-rolling, name-calling, mudslinging.” But that question has persisted, like “a massive game of Clue,” since the Renaissance, fueled by the lack of evidence that the man born in Stratford was the same man who wrote Hamlet. No obituary appeared after Shakespeare’s death, and he bequeathed no manuscripts, unusual for a man of letters. Furthermore, he seemed never to have traveled outside of England yet had intimate knowledge of European court life, other languages, and even ancient Greek. Winkler is well versed in Shakespeare’s works as well as the “vast, complex” literature on the authorship question. She reports on conversations with stolid Stratfordians who have devoted their careers to defending Shakespeare’s identity and with enthusiastic anti-Stratfordians who point to other individuals—or collaborators—as more likely playwrights: Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere, and Mary Sidney, who, like Bassano, could help to explain Shakespeare’s prowess in writing feminist drama. Suppose, Winkler suggests, “the author was not an uneducated man but an educated woman, concealing herself beneath a male name, as the heroines of the plays so often disguise themselves in masculine garb.” Winkler does not aim to solve the mystery but rather to point up the problems of ascertaining historical truth. “We take our knowledge of the past from sources we trust,” she writes, “few of us going back to check how a ‘historical fact’ was arrived at, whether it’s correct.”

A shrewd, entertaining journey into a literary quagmire.