A TRAITOR TO HIS SPECIES

The stirring life of the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

Humans have always exploited animals for energy, food, companionship, and entertainment. By the 19th century, American cities teemed with their numbers, diseases, and smells, and they continued to be treated as insensible entities to be eaten or exploited. After discussing these issues in the preface, Freeberg, who heads the history department at the University of Tennessee, begins his vivid, often gruesome account of Henry Bergh (1813-1888), a wealthy New Yorker who accomplished little of note until, at age 52 (according to his own account), he found his life’s mission: ending animal cruelty. In 1866, he persuaded New York to incorporate his American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. With no money appropriated, it seemed a harmless gesture to legislators, but Bergh had included a feature absent from previous, unenforceable state laws: The society could arrest and prosecute offenders. No shrinking violet, Bergh went into action and soon became a wildly popular and reviled media figure. With few exceptions, readers will support his crusades, well-delineated by Freeberg, but Bergh faced an avalanche of abuse and lost as many prosecutions as he won. Most readers will quail at the casual cruelty that Freeberg describes and that Victorians took for granted: Cattle shipped from the Midwest spent a week packed into freight cars with no food, water, or room to lie down. Slaughterhouse workers began work while the animals were still alive, and children gathered to watch. Stray dogs were often drowned. Healthy horses worked until feeble and were then sold to people too poor to afford a healthy horse, so they worked them to death. Dogfights and cockfights entertained the poor, and the rich slaughtered and crippled thousands of birds in live pigeon-shooting contests. Upon Bergh’s death, most states were enforcing ASPCA–backed anti-cruelty laws, and universal feeling that animals did not suffer had become a minority view.

A successful effort to make a splendid American crusader better known.