THE SACRED BAND

A vivid portrait of ancient Thebes.

In 1880, archaeologists discovered a mass grave, dug by Thebans in 338 B.C.E., containing 254 skeletons laid side by side. The discovery was never published, the grave covered up. Thankfully, a researcher for this book located the chief excavator’s notebook, containing drawings of each skeleton—several reproduced in this volume—that document in meticulous detail the unique features of the burial site. As Bard College classics professor Romm reveals, the skeletons composed “a unique infantry corp” of male lovers, fighting in pairs, known to Greeks as the Sacred Band.” The Age of the Sacred Band spanned four decades, 382 B.C.E. to 335 B.C.E., during which Thebes enjoyed victories against Sparta and Athens, the two cities most prominent in histories of ancient Greece. The author offers a corrective to that view by focusing on democratic Thebes, which had founded Messene, “a city that sheltered Sparta’s escaped slaves”; defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371; and remained undefeated until, in 338, it confronted the ruthless Alexander the Great. Decades of war saw decisive shifts of power: Sparta occupied Thebes and invaded Boetia; Thebes invaded the Peloponnese and nearly captured Sparta. “Athens had aided Thebes when Sparta was winning,” Romm writes, “then allied with weakened Sparta against Thebes.” Romm weaves into a brisk narrative of military strategies, expedient alliances, supernatural interventions, and political rivalries an examination of the idea of the male eros, which Greek texts—including Plutarch’s Parallel Lives and Plato’s Symposium and Phaedrus—as well as the existence of the Sacred Band itself, made visible for the first time. Drawing on 19th-century documents, Romm shows how deeply the Sacred Band interested homosexuals such as Oscar Wilde, Walt Whitman, and John Addington Symonds, who identified himself as “Uranian,” a term derived from Plato. As in ancient Greece, Uranians were heartened to discover the connection of male eros to heroism and valor.

A spirited, informative classical history from an expert on the subject.