THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS

A study of the Founding Fathers’ search for self-mastery.

Rosen, president of the National Constitution Center and author of Conversations with RBG, offers a revisionist perspective on the nation’s values by examining how happiness was viewed by Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. From reading classical thinkers such as Cicero, Epictetus, and Xenophon, along with David Hume, John Locke, and Adam Smith (Rosen appends a reading list), the founders came to believe “that the quest for happiness is a daily practice, requiring mental and spiritual self-discipline, as well as mindfulness and rigorous time management.” Far different from the self-serving gratification of desires, happiness results from having a balance between reason and passion. They thus believed that “moderating emotions is the secret of tranquility of mind; that tranquility of mind is the secret of happiness; that daily habits are the secret of self-improvement; and that personal self-government is the secret of political self-government.” Each man, Rosen reveals, enacted a lifelong project of self-discipline. Adams, for example, struggled to subdue his vanity. Ridiculed “as one of the most self-regarding men of his age,” he worked to cultivate humility. As for Jefferson, he strove for industriousness, “cultivating his mind, body, thoughts, and faculties in order to achieve the mental tranquility he was determined to maintain at all costs.” Tranquility, the basis for happiness, comes “not in the success or failure of our efforts to achieve inner harmony but from the pursuit itself.” Along with examining sources that were significant for the founders, Rosen reveals how those texts shaped the ideas of influential figures such as Phillis Wheatley, Frederick Douglass, and Abraham Lincoln. In their distinguishing between being good from feeling good, the founders, Rosen hopes, may inspire readers to redefine the meaning of a good life.

A thoughtful rendering of America’s history.