MOTHER TONGUE

A history of women through words.

Nuttall, a scholar of Anglo-Saxon and medieval literature and the history of the English language, brings humor and a merry curiosity to her examination of the “lively, unruly and often startlingly vivid” words used in reference to women and their bodies from Old English to the present. Delving into sources that include the Bible, midwives’ handbooks, and medical treatises, Nuttall traces how words evolved from a mixture of superstition, speculation, and scientific inquiry, informing and reflecting cultural attitudes about women’s anatomy, menstruation, sexuality, pregnancy, childbirth, nursing, and stages of life as well as male violence and patriarchy. She reveals, for example, that “vagina began life as the Latin word for a sword’s scabbard,” creating an image of a penis as a dagger thrust into the vagina as sheath. Terms related to pregnancy reflect assumptions about whether the uterus served as a “passive carrier or active creator.” Connotations have changed through time: Nuttall notes that the term breeding as a synonym for pregnancy and childbirth, widely used in early English, seems dehumanizing today, and words like conception and pregnant carry double meanings—one referring to thought, another to growing a child. The Industrial Revolution that shaped Victorian society gave rise to many euphemisms about women’s bodily functions, such as menstruation, as well as their function within the family. Terms like housework and home-making, Nuttall shows, gained currency in the mid-19th century, when middle-class women were relegated to the home while their husbands functioned as breadwinners. Although historically few words identified a woman’s stages of life, Nuttall has found sources for maiden, damsel (“the posher kind of unmarried woman”), and, from the 17th century, tomboy. As contemporary feminists claim, words matter: “It’s hard to escape a pattern which is presented to you as your very destiny in life and backed up by words themselves.”

A fresh, informative perspective on women’s lives through the centuries.