CIVIL WAR BY OTHER MEANS

A sharp history in which the author argues that the Civil War has been raging for more than a century and a half—and the Confederacy is winning.

The Civil War “ended only militarily at Appomattox,” writes Suri, the chair of leadership in global affairs at the University of Texas. It has been waged in venues other than the battlefield ever since, often with the aid of those who would have been Unionists in 1861. The battle flag in the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, notes the author, came from a latter-day secessionist in Delaware, a 51-year-old White man for whom the Confederate cause “remained alive.” Moreover, it remained alive in various nonimaginary ways: voter suppression, Jim Crow segregationism, lynchings, and spasms of insurrection. In the last case, Suri reminds readers that the smoke had barely cleared from the battlefield when Whites in Memphis rebelled against Union martial law, which was enforced by Black soldiers. The Union general in charge “told investigators that the hostility of the white citizens in Memphis was simply too great and that his forces were too small to counter it,” and no insurrectionists were punished. Once the war was formally over, Whites on both sides essentially abandoned the Black population to their fate, with Reconstruction jettisoned owing to Andrew Johnson’s White supremacism and Ulysses S. Grant’s failure to press for universal civil rights. The result was a Lost Cause narrative that enabled Southerners, would-be and actual, then and now, to imagine themselves as the victims of the war. The author clearly shows that with the death of James Garfield in 1881, the victorious Union gave up on trying to “build an inclusive, multiracial democracy.” Few of Suri’s observations are groundbreaking, but his prescriptions for finishing that job are meaningful all the same, including “a constitutional amendment guaranteeing all citizens the right to vote.”

A provocative look at a long shadow cast over the nation’s past and present.