RED LINE

An unsettling look at the extraordinarily brutal civil war that has engulfed Syria since 2011.

On one side is Bashar al-Assad, a dictator with support from Iran and Russia. On the other side is a collection of Syrian rebels aided by Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and the U.S. but also including units from al-Qaida and the Islamic State group. The U.S. abandoned military support in 2017 and now largely confines itself to humanitarian aid. In this highly disturbing yet significant text, Warrick, a two-time Pulitzer-winning journalist for the Washington Post who has spent years investigating the Middle East and national security issues, concentrates on one particularly horrific aspect: the Syrian military’s use of poison gas, locally produced since the 1980s. “By the early 2000s,” writes the author, “the network of laboratories and production centers gradually blossomed into a mature manufacturing complex that encompassed some forty buildings and storage bunkers at two dozen secret locations scattered across the country.” Warrick powerfully describes gruesome details of the first attacks in 2013, during which nerve gas killed thousands, mostly civilians. Despite universal outrage in the U.S., the miserable experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan led to overwhelming opposition to military action. Perhaps as a public relations gesture, Russia agreed that Syria would, under U.N. supervision, dismantle their chemical program. This turned out to be vastly more complex than predicted, and Warrick delivers a vivid account as experts crisscrossed the country to oversee the destruction. By June 2014, trucks carrying 1,300 tons of deadly chemicals had unloaded their cargo onto ships, where complex machinery converted deadly chemicals into merely toxic waste. Almost immediately, Assad’s army turned to chlorine gas, which was available on the commercial market. After a few years, nerve gas reappeared because Assad had kept a few factories in reserve, but by that time, he was near victory thanks to generous Russian and Iranian support. Warrick concludes that America’s intervention in Iraq led to disaster, but refusal to intervene in Syria has done the same.

A journalistic expert on the Middle East delivers more bad news from the region.