IF NIETZSCHE WERE A NARWHAL

A science writer examines various aspects of human intelligence.

While many of us believe that possessing a higher degree of intelligence is inherently good, Gregg shows how increased cognitive skills do not necessarily equate to success. In fact, human intelligence has frequently resulted in tragic consequences, and “evolution is still deciding what to make of the human capacity for causal reasoning.” Humans are keenly aware of their own mortality, and knowledge of the inevitability of death has resulted in ongoing holy wars among competing ideologies. Similarly, so-called moral reasoning has been used to justify innumerable “unbelievably repugnant and horrifying” actions. The author closely examines “the dark reality of the human moral capacity: We, as a species, can justify—on moral grounds—genocide. Not just cultural genocide, but the murder of entire populations and racial groups, including children.” In a seemingly innocuous but telling contemporary example, Gregg notes how Americans “love their lawns,” investing countless hours and natural resources to maintain them. At the same time, most people fully understand the dangers of burning fossil fuels and the effects of climate change. The author labels this cognitive dissonance “prognostic myopia,” which “makes it difficult for us to make good decisions about our future because we’re heavily influenced by our problems in the here and now.” Additionally, the further the problem seems to lie in the future, the less we care. Gregg argues convincingly that this is a major reason why both government and corporations are slow to act on available information, which can lead to disastrous consequences. With frightening clarity, the author shows how prognostic myopia could even lead to human extinction. Nietzsche believed that nonhuman animals’ inability to understand time or the concept of the future gave them an edge over humans. This insightful book provides food for thought and lends credence to that notion.

A fascinating take on human intelligence.