BLOOD AND IRON

A concise history of one of the most fateful developments in modern history: the creation of a united Germany from a clutter of smaller existing jurisdictions.

At the center of the first half of Hoyer’s story is Otto von Bismarck. The head of state of the nation created in 1871 after the German states had crushed France in the brief Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck was the driving force behind the governing of Germany until 1890. Born in that conflict under Prussian leadership, a newly united Germany, gradually ridding itself of regional loyalties, built itself into Europe’s most powerful industrial and military power in a mere 40 years. Then, Hoyer argues that because of the failure of Kaiser Wilhelm II and his ministers to prevent his nation’s march toward another war, it suffered the devastating carnage of World War I. While failing to relate the full complexity of that war’s outbreak as other historians now understand it, the author astutely portrays how, by the early 20th century, budding German democracy was sidelined in favor of “a silent dictatorship of the military.” But this superb book isn’t simply about government and war. Hoyer roots the gathering unity of the German states in a “defensive nationalism” caused by the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century and skillfully unveils how nationalism can come into being out of a sense of comparative inferiority. The author covers social, cultural, and religious developments under two Hohenzollern monarchs, especially Bismarck’s path-breaking social legislation of the 1870s and ’80s. She also deftly analyzes the emergence of Germans’ sense, not yet fouled by racial assumptions, of themselves as a distinct people, although her resistance to the argument that Bismarck’s and his successors’ aspirations and achievements led inexorably to the future rise of Hitler will be rejected by some.

It’s hard to imagine a better, more up-to-date history of its subject.