INTO THE AMAZON

Comprehensive biography of a Brazilian hero whose history is largely, unjustly unknown.

Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon (1865-1958), writes former New York Times Rio de Janeiro bureau chief Rohter, was definitively a man of parts. Of mixed Indigenous, Portuguese, and Spanish descent, he guided an exhausted Theodore Roosevelt on his 1914 Amazon expedition and then returned immediately to a long project of stringing telegraph lines across the Brazilian jungle, “much of it across terrain inhabited only by hostile or uncontacted Indian tribes.” Rondon—for whom the vast Brazilian state of Rondônia is named—counseled that these tribes should be treated with dignity and left alone, and he forbade members of his exploratory expeditions from firing on them. Over decades as an army officer, scholar, and activist, he was successful not just in building telegraph lines, the first step in linking remote sections of a far-flung nation, but also in establishing preserves for Indigenous peoples after “finding a way into a place that no one, not even Native peoples living nearby, had ever braved.” A larger-than-life character overshadowing even Roosevelt, Rondon was silenced by a succession of dictators against whom his commitment to logical positivism and moral solutions to political problems didn’t stand much of a chance. Sidelined and stripped of his rank as general, he had to watch as the environmental protection agencies he helped create were dismantled and his beloved Amazon invaded by miners, loggers, and settlers, with disastrous consequences for the Native peoples of the region. However, he was such an effective diplomat and Indigenous rights advocate that Albert Einstein nominated Rondon for a Nobel Peace Prize, calling him “a philanthropist and leader of the first order.” As Rohter notes in this lively biography, long after his death, Rondon “remains a combatant through the relevance of his ideas.”

A welcome, vivid portrait of a historical figure who deserves much wider recognition outside his native country.