BATTLE FOR THE BIG TOP

A blow-by-blow account of the rivalry among James Bailey, John Ringling, P.T. Barnum, and other players in the American circus world.

“When entertaining the public, it is best to have an elephant,” said Barnum, who knew a thing or two about wowing the public. Captive elephants were at the center of his extravaganzas, as they were of other circuses until, in 2015, the last of the 19th-century organizations struck the tent after animal rights activists succeeded in delivering the elephants from bondage. That last firm, as popular historian Standiford chronicles, was Ringling Brothers, whose namesakes were long gone. A former rock ’n’ roll entrepreneur named Kenneth Feld now headed the company, his head stocked with hard data on every playable venue on the continent. Bailey, whose rival circus was pleasing audiences in the late 19th century, made headlines when an elephant in his troupe gave birth, “the calf described as the first ever born in captivity in the United States.” Barnum offered “the then-astronomical sum of $100,000 for the calf; when Bailey refused, his admiring rival offered a partnership instead, giving birth to what would become the Barnum and Bailey consortium. Standiford is a capable ringmaster over a complicated tale with many moving parts. As he notes, getting a circus before the public required “the seamless integration of five business endeavors running side by side,” from railroads to hotels to “the entertainment business itself, the only one of which produced any income.” Standiford’s narrative lacks the intellectual heft of Louis S. Warren’s Buffalo Bill’s America (2005) as a study of evolving tastes in popular pastimes, but he tells a good story all the same and with a sobering moral: The circus probably wouldn’t survive today now that, as one scholar puts it, “the trend in technology in recent years has been to push individuals into greater and greater electronic isolation.”

Fans of the circuses of old, as well as students of popular culture, will enjoy this look back.