PALO ALTO

A searching history of California and its role in predatory, extractive capitalism.

“California is very important for me,” wrote Karl Marx in 1880, “because nowhere else has the upheaval most shamelessly caused by capitalist centralization taken place with such speed.” Native son Harris, who quotes Marx’s apothegm, begins his story of that upheaval with the Ohlone, Indigenous inhabitants of the Bay Area who were mistakenly assumed to have disappeared in a wave of genocide. It’s easy to understand the confusion, since so many Native peoples were wiped out in the rush to ravage the lands and waters of California. The business of making a few people wealthy was the work of many. Chinese laborers, who were so instrumental in building the railroads, also labored in the farm fields until Mexican workers replaced them. The Irish and Swiss Italians did well in politics and winemaking, facing less prejudice than elsewhere, but as for people of color—well, consider that Palo Alto banned buildings over 40 feet high from residential areas, the better to control access to housing by lower-income people. Palo Alto is, of course, the home of Stanford University, which Harris sees as foil and fulcrum of the military-industrial complex. Said one dissident in the 1970s, “The university isn’t a temple of the intellect or a place where disinterested scholars examine the world,” but instead a hub of military research. While Harris nods with some appreciation to the techno-libertarians who invented the personal computer, he also urges that the real heroes were the builders and not the venture capitalists, those who have since become Silicon Valley royalty. In closing this long but consistently engaging narrative, the author proposes a program of divestiture and restitution, including “the forfeit of Stanford’s vast accumulated wealth,” that is breathtaking in its audacity—and probably doesn’t stand a chance of being put in place.

A highly readable revisionist history of the Golden State, sharply argued and well researched.