THE RISE AND FALL OF THE SECOND AMERICAN REPUBLIC

A nuanced history of Reconstruction and the ongoing resistance movements it begat.

Reconstruction, roughly the period between 1865 and 1877, is often considered a failure. Insufficiently enforced by the victorious North, it allowed an intransigent “reassertion of the authority of local white elites to act with impunity and defy the rule of law” in the putatively vanquished South. As Sinha, author of The Slave’s Cause: A History of Abolition, the cause of Black liberation was halfhearted from the start: Lincoln had not committed himself to a multiracial democracy, but was instead investigating schemes to resettle former slaves in Africa, the Caribbean, and South America, places that would become involved in the expansion of the American empire that began nearly the moment that Reconstruction was abandoned. Yet in the dozen years when Reconstruction was attempted, writes Sinha, allied causes formed. Abolitionists became women’s suffragists, Black as well as white, with one activist for Black rights, Anna Dickinson, hailed as having “statesmanship much beyond our twaddling politicians.” Like Lincoln, Ulysses Grant explored the prospect of colonization by the emancipated, with an eye to annexing the Dominican Republic; those abolitionists and suffragists in turn added opposition to annexation as well as taking up the cause of the rights of laborers. All came collapsing down with the rise of armed terrorism in the South in the form of paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and, of course, the KKK, which Sinha considers a forerunner of the “fascist paramilitary organizations that brought terror and violence to cities in Italy and Germany in the twentieth century.” Reconstruction’s failure ushered in authoritarianism, predatory capitalism, and an America that was “not a democracy but a racist, authoritarian state comparable to European colonies in Asia and Africa.”

A strong addition to modern studies of Reconstruction, bringing feminist and internationalist elements to the fore.