WAR

An analysis of war throughout history.

Because Canadian historian MacMillan specializes in the 20th century, the scope of her latest is a stretch, and she is also entering a crowded field that includes plenty of excellent overviews. Despite the competition, however, MacMillan acquits herself well. She begins with the traditional warning that, despite its popularity in books and media, the concept of war is not taken as seriously as it deserves. Moralists correctly denounce its miseries but err in claiming that it is an aberration and that peace is the normal state of affairs. That prehistoric humans lived in harmony with each other was an article of faith until advances in archaeology and anthropology revealed that they led a violent existence (“humans, certainly by the time of the later Stone Age, made weapons, ganged up on each other and did their best to finish each other off”). Although the usual wars make their appearances, this is not a history of particular conflicts but of their influence on society. MacMillan emphasizes that humans grew better at making war as states evolved: “War was…an integral and necessary part of the emergence of the nation, as sanctifying it even, and the military wore a particular halo as its defenders and saviors.” In ancient Greece and early Rome, only full-fledged citizen landowners were entitled to take up arms. All cultures but one, the Chinese, have venerated their warriors and placed military values (courage, tenacity, self-discipline) above civilian (virtue, scholarship, wisdom). In nine thoughtful chapters, the author examines how increasingly sophisticated central governments gradually suppressed small-scale bloodshed—e.g., tribal conflicts, private armies, banditry, ordinary murder—in favor of efficient, large-scale warfare. With only a nod to politics and technology, MacMillan tackles broad issues such as the reasons nations go to war, the cult of the warrior, the effect of war on civilians and on women, efforts (barely two centuries old) to make laws for war, and its influence on art, literature, and national memories.

An insightful and disturbing study of war as an aspect of culture.