OATHBREAKERS

When brothers got medieval on each other.

Historians Gabriele and Perry did so well with The Bright Ages: A New History of Medieval Europe that they have followed it with a narrower focus on the ninth century. Perhaps the best-known figure of that era is Charlemagne (reigned 768-814), who assembled much of Europe into the largest empire since Rome’s and had himself crowned by the pope in 800. Charlemagne ruled alone, mostly, because his brother died three years after the pair took the throne. This followed family tradition that gave every ruler’s son power even while he reigned and divided the kingdom after his death. Charlemagne’s successor, Louis the Pious (ruled 1814-1840), took the throne as the only surviving son, but he already had three adult sons, and a fourth was soon born. This guaranteed trouble. Louis gave his three sons kingly authority over three parts of the empire, but they complained, quarreled, and occasionally took up arms. Matters did not improve when his fourth son reached maturity and received a share of the empire deducted from the others. During much of Louis’ reign, the empire verged on civil war; at one point, he was deposed. Months after his death, the brothers fought the bloody battle of Fontenoy, which solved nothing, soon followed by the 843 Treaty of Verdun, laying out the bounds of each brother’s kingdom. A dead letter from the start, it led to more quarrels and treaties that carried on into following centuries, gradually resolving into what later historians maintain was France and Germany. Lively writers, the authors cast a critical eye on the surviving sources, delivering a painless education on how historians try to determine what actually happened from fragmentary and wildly biased accounts.

A scholarly and entertaining history of warring brothers.