A QUESTION OF STANDING

An organization whose histories would fill a library gets another, but it’s a good one.

Tim Weiner’s Legacy of Ashes remains the standard history of the CIA, but it could use an update. In this critical account, Jeffreys-Jones provides just that. The author notes that the CIA was not founded solely in response to threats from the Soviet Union. Overwhelmingly, Congress and other government officials emphasized preventing another disaster like Pearl Harbor. Unfortunately, the CIA has been unable to predict numerous significant international events, from the Soviet atomic test in 1949 to the Vietnam Tet Offensive to 9/11 and beyond. Although CIA founders proclaimed its purpose was gathering intelligence, they were obsessed with covert actions, a policy beloved of most presidents down to the present day. Jeffreys-Jones devotes much of the book to painful accounts of a wide variety of fiascos, including the Bay of Pigs, the futile search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, the proliferation of a torture program, and the frequent attempts to overthrow purportedly communist or terrorist-sympathizing governments, often accompanied by the murders of their leaders. As the author shows, the CIA has always “embraced the principle of ‘intelligence to please’ and showed itself vulnerable to manipulation.” Out of loyalty, the CIA helped Presidents Johnson and Nixon—and, later, both Bushes—prosecute wars in which it did not believe. Intelligence evaluations of the progress in the Vietnam and Iraq wars were consistently skeptical, but little was done to change courses. In the end, Jeffreys-Jones lets the CIA partly off the hook by spreading blame to the presidents. Thus, CIA intelligence quickly detected Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections, but since it benefited the winner, investigations were sidelined as the incoming administration denied the veracity of the intelligence and “turned on the agency.”

An insightful and disturbing history of an American institution with a mixed track record.