It isn’t a radical notion that the nature-nurture debate ought to be tossed, but Sapolsky (A Primate’s Memoir, 2001, etc.)...
Eighteen quick-footed essays that explain how nature and nurture are both vital ingredients in the stew of life.
Why, asks biologist/neurologist Sapolsky, do we do the things we do? Is it because of the imperative trajectory of our genes, which command without regard to environmental manipulations? Or does nurture trump genetic engineering? Neither and both, he says in these avuncular, dignified and scientifically astute pieces, their prose polished like silver, their humor stealing upon the reader like a merry prankster. Too much evidence exists, in short, to dismiss one or the other. Yes, there is genetic inevitability—red hair, for example, or Huntington’s disease—and, yes, there are examples of nurture swaying genetics, as in social conditioning and environment. The elegance is in the genetic-environmental dance, the way one gains the upper hand and is then countered by a response from the other. Sapolsky demonstrates how change in levels of hormones, nutrients or immune factors can prompt changes in how the brain thinks and emotes. Contrariwise, he details the extraordinary resilience of exported cultural baggage into new surroundings, as when a desert mind-set is plunked down in the Alps (though the rain forest mind-set appears to be less hardy when uprooted, perhaps because its peaceful-through-bounty nature is given a good stabbing). He elucidates the brain-body interactions, including dreams, postponing gratification, overreactions, stress disorders and the truly creepy MBP—Munchausen’s by proxy—in which a parent fabricates symptoms in a child. Then, smoothly, he shows how genes can modulate the way one responds to the environment. Ever entertaining, Sapolsky is always happy to explore such questions as at what age the window of receptivity shuts for, say, new music or a tongue stud or a genital ring.
It isn’t a radical notion that the nature-nurture debate ought to be tossed, but Sapolsky (A Primate’s Memoir, 2001, etc.) has added another round to the cause of its demise.Pub Date: Sept. 20, 2005
ISBN: 0-7432-6015-5
Page Count: 224
Publisher: Scribner
Review Posted Online: May 19, 2010
Kirkus Reviews Issue: June 1, 2005
For Howard Zinn, long-time civil rights and anti-war activist, history and ideology have a lot in common. Since he thinks that everything is in someone's interest, the historian—Zinn posits—has to figure out whose interests he or she is defining/defending/reconstructing (hence one of his previous books, The Politics of History). Zinn has no doubts about where he stands in this "people's history": "it is a history disrespectful of governments and respectful of people's movements of resistance." So what we get here, instead of the usual survey of wars, presidents, and institutions, is a survey of the usual rebellions, strikes, and protest movements. Zinn starts out by depicting the arrival of Columbus in North America from the standpoint of the Indians (which amounts to their standpoint as constructed from the observations of the Europeans); and, after easily establishing the cultural disharmony that ensued, he goes on to the importation of slaves into the colonies. Add the laborers and indentured servants that followed, plus women and later immigrants, and you have Zinn's amorphous constituency. To hear Zinn tell it, all anyone did in America at any time was to oppress or be oppressed; and so he obscures as much as his hated mainstream historical foes do—only in Zinn's case there is that absurd presumption that virtually everything that came to pass was the work of ruling-class planning: this amounts to one great indictment for conspiracy. Despite surface similarities, this is not a social history, since we get no sense of the fabric of life. Instead of negating the one-sided histories he detests, Zinn has merely reversed the image; the distortion remains.
Pub Date: Jan. 1, 1979
ISBN: 0061965588
Page Count: 772
Publisher: Harper & Row
Review Posted Online: May 26, 2012
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 1, 1979
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
Occasionally wonky but overall a good case for how the dismal science can make the world less—well, dismal.
“Quality of life means more than just consumption”: Two MIT economists urge that a smarter, more politically aware economics be brought to bear on social issues.
It’s no secret, write Banerjee and Duflo (co-authors: Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way To Fight Global Poverty, 2011), that “we seem to have fallen on hard times.” Immigration, trade, inequality, and taxation problems present themselves daily, and they seem to be intractable. Economics can be put to use in figuring out these big-issue questions. Data can be adduced, for example, to answer the question of whether immigration tends to suppress wages. The answer: “There is no evidence low-skilled migration to rich countries drives wage and employment down for the natives.” In fact, it opens up opportunities for those natives by freeing them to look for better work. The problem becomes thornier when it comes to the matter of free trade; as the authors observe, “left-behind people live in left-behind places,” which explains why regional poverty descended on Appalachia when so many manufacturing jobs left for China in the age of globalism, leaving behind not just left-behind people but also people ripe for exploitation by nationalist politicians. The authors add, interestingly, that the same thing occurred in parts of Germany, Spain, and Norway that fell victim to the “China shock.” In what they call a “slightly technical aside,” they build a case for addressing trade issues not with trade wars but with consumption taxes: “It makes no sense to ask agricultural workers to lose their jobs just so steelworkers can keep theirs, which is what tariffs accomplish.” Policymakers might want to consider such counsel, especially when it is coupled with the observation that free trade benefits workers in poor countries but punishes workers in rich ones.
Occasionally wonky but overall a good case for how the dismal science can make the world less—well, dismal.Pub Date: Nov. 12, 2019
ISBN: 978-1-61039-950-0
Page Count: 432
Publisher: PublicAffairs
Review Posted Online: Aug. 28, 2019
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Sept. 15, 2019
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