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COLLECTIVE ACTION

ABSOLUTE FITNESS AND THE CREATION OF A GLOBAL SURVIVAL VEHICLE

An evocative, well-researched, and convincing case for global bilingualism.

Retired judge Blair’s latest geopolitical treatise makes the case for bilingualism as a vital component of humanity’s future.

Blair has published multiple books and essays since 2012, centered on 21st-century geopolitics, global warming, and the necessity of collective global action toward creating a more equitable world. Here, the author argues that two-mother-tongue bilingualism (abbreviated throughout the book as “2 MT bilingualism”) is essential for achieving peaceable global unity: This form of language learning essentially involves children learning two languages simultaneously from a young age. As per the book’s ambitious recommendations, the United Nations’ “first step” in preparing for the future should be “the establishment of a global community of communication with a language rationalization policy of 2 MT Bilingualism.” Such a plan would bring a “psychological and emotional lift” to billions of marginalized people around the world who do not speak the 20 most popular languages and have been excluded from the global exchange of ideas and resources. “Smaller political entities,” the book argues, would have a greater stake in sharing “international agency” with dominant “empire-states” and would be better equipped to join the fight against climate change and other potential global catastrophes that would disproportionately impact poorer nations. Blair makes a convincing case that empowering the United Nations through 2 MT bilingualism would not create a one-world government “Leviathan” (as predicted by anti-globalists) but would instead lead to a more democratic world order. The author asserts that while past efforts to achieve a global language (most notably the creation of Esperanto in the late 19th century) have prioritized Western languages, the emphasis on 2 MT bilingualism is sensitive to the post-colonial demand for preservation of “smaller language communities.” The author’s plea for bilingualism is particularly sympathetic to famed Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe’s critique of imposed colonial languages and explores case studies from Tanzania and Indonesia on finding “an indigenous alternative to linguistic congruence with a European language.”

Blair argues that it was former European colonies after World War II who first rejected the Western idea of monolingual congruence as a necessity for nation-states and provided the foundations for “a new language rationalization policy for the 21st Century.” Blair’s book also effectively dismantles some prevailing linguistic myths in the West: namely the perceived national importance of monolingualism and the idea that English is the forerunner in the race toward a global language. And while admitting that “global linguistic congruence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the resolution of our current problems,” Blair may still be overselling the democratizing effects of bilingualism. Despite the author’s own occasional linguistic eccentricities, the book is nevertheless compelling in its philosophy and thoroughly researched: In its 138 pages, Blair marshals more than 100 footnotes from scholarly sources to back its claims and utilizes many visual aids. And although the book is certainly serious in intention, it also incorporates snippets of playful linguistic humor: When discussing anachronistic gendered grammars, for instance, the book highlights logical inconsistencies, such as the French word for beard (la barbe) being feminine, while a woman’s breast (le sein) is masculine. Nevertheless, the book’s emphasis on a bilingual system that would benefit poor countries offers a potential solution to a myriad of global linguistic issues.

An evocative, well-researched, and convincing case for global bilingualism.

Pub Date: Dec. 28, 2022

ISBN: 9798371525024

Page Count: 188

Publisher: Self

Review Posted Online: Dec. 30, 2022

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THE GREATEST SENTENCE EVER WRITTEN

A short, smart analysis of perhaps the most famous passage in American history reveals its potency and unfulfilled promise.

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Words that made a nation.

Isaacson is known for expansive biographies of great thinkers (and Elon Musk), but here he pens a succinct, stimulating commentary on the Founding Fathers’ ode to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” His close reading of the Declaration of Independence’s second sentence, published to mark the 250th anniversary of the document’s adoption, doesn’t downplay its “moral contradiction.” Thomas Jefferson enslaved hundreds of people yet called slavery “a cruel war against human nature” in his first draft of the Declaration. All but 15 of the document’s 56 signers owned enslaved people. While the sentence in question asserted “all men are created equal” and possess “unalienable rights,” the Founders “consciously and intentionally” excluded women, Native Americans, and enslaved people. And yet the sentence is powerful, Isaacson writes, because it names a young nation’s “aspirations.” He mounts a solid defense of what ought to be shared goals, among them economic fairness, “moral compassion,” and a willingness to compromise. “Democracy depends on this,” he writes. Isaacson is excellent when explaining how Enlightenment intellectuals abroad influenced the founders. Benjamin Franklin, one of the Declaration’s “five-person drafting committee,” stayed in David Hume’s home for a month in the early 1770s, “discussing ideas of natural rights” with the Scottish philosopher. Also strong is Isaacson’s discussion of the “edits and tweaks” made to Jefferson’s draft. As recommended by Franklin and others, the changes were substantial, leaving Jefferson “distraught.” Franklin, who emerges as the book’s hero, helped establish municipal services, founded a library, and encouraged religious diversity—the kind of civic-mindedness that we could use more of today, Isaacson reminds us.

A short, smart analysis of perhaps the most famous passage in American history reveals its potency and unfulfilled promise.

Pub Date: Nov. 18, 2025

ISBN: 9781982181314

Page Count: 80

Publisher: Simon & Schuster

Review Posted Online: Aug. 29, 2025

Kirkus Reviews Issue: Oct. 1, 2025

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A PEOPLE'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

For Howard Zinn, long-time civil rights and anti-war activist, history and ideology have a lot in common. Since he thinks that everything is in someone's interest, the historian—Zinn posits—has to figure out whose interests he or she is defining/defending/reconstructing (hence one of his previous books, The Politics of History). Zinn has no doubts about where he stands in this "people's history": "it is a history disrespectful of governments and respectful of people's movements of resistance." So what we get here, instead of the usual survey of wars, presidents, and institutions, is a survey of the usual rebellions, strikes, and protest movements. Zinn starts out by depicting the arrival of Columbus in North America from the standpoint of the Indians (which amounts to their standpoint as constructed from the observations of the Europeans); and, after easily establishing the cultural disharmony that ensued, he goes on to the importation of slaves into the colonies. Add the laborers and indentured servants that followed, plus women and later immigrants, and you have Zinn's amorphous constituency. To hear Zinn tell it, all anyone did in America at any time was to oppress or be oppressed; and so he obscures as much as his hated mainstream historical foes do—only in Zinn's case there is that absurd presumption that virtually everything that came to pass was the work of ruling-class planning: this amounts to one great indictment for conspiracy. Despite surface similarities, this is not a social history, since we get no sense of the fabric of life. Instead of negating the one-sided histories he detests, Zinn has merely reversed the image; the distortion remains.

Pub Date: Jan. 1, 1979

ISBN: 0061965588

Page Count: 772

Publisher: Harper & Row

Review Posted Online: May 26, 2012

Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 1, 1979

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