AN AMERIKAN FAMILY

The history of a dynasty of Black resistance.

“The legacy of the Shakur family exists all around us—in culture, activism, and our professional lives,” writes journalist Holley. Best known is Tupac, murdered in 1996 at the age of 25, who brought a questioning complexity to his lyrics that has remained influential. His mother, Afeni, was an activist in the Black Panther Party, which was a tiny organization in New York until she joined in 1968 and became an engaged speaker and recruiter. Activist Bill Hampton called it “a service organization and a black liberation army,” but J. Edgar Hoover discounted the service aspect and launched an extensive campaign against the Panthers involving informants and surveillance. Afeni was swept up in a charge of conspiracy and jailed until, pregnant with Tupac, she was acquitted in May 1971. She remained a committed activist, while others in the family and organization drifted when the Panthers began to break apart. Assata Shakur became an activist in the Black Liberation Army—though, Holley writes, she “was more of an enigma than a leader.” Convicted of murder, she escaped from prison in 1979 and has lived ever since in Cuba. Mutulu Shakur, “a soldier in the New Afrikan Security Forces” who became a leader and holistic healer, married Afeni after Tupac was born. Later, he was implicated in a series of admittedly undisciplined armed robberies; he was released from prison in December 2022 after four decades, but even as he languished there, his acupuncture-based techniques for narcotics detoxification were widely employed. “What remains today of the Black liberation movement is not immediately evident,” writes Holley, but much of it resides in social justice work, youth education, and food programs—and much of that owes to the Shakurs.

Well written and richly detailed, this book is a strong contribution to the literature of Black militancy.