ALL THE KNOWLEDGE IN THE WORLD

A wealth of research wrapped into an eccentric, charming package.

Garfield is the author of several appealingly unusual books, such as Mauve, about the history of purple, and Just My Type, about the history of fonts. His latest fits easily into this unpredictable canon, combining information, entertainment, and insight. Garfield is clearly an aficionado, and he takes us into his ever growing collection. In tracking the history of encyclopedias, the author maintains focus on the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the longtime gold standard. Launched in 1768, it mixed material from existing sources with original articles from the editors. Later editions also used specialized contributors. “In 1926,” writes Garfield, “George Bernard Shaw received $68.50 for his article on Socialism, while Albert Einstein received $86.40 for his piece on Space-Time.” However, notes the author, the Britannica was far from the first attempt to consolidate all knowledge. Of course, the ancient Greeks and Romans took several shots at the project, but for sheer scale, the winner is the Yongle Dadian, which was commissioned by Zhu Di, an emperor of the Ming dynasty in China. It had 11,095 manuscript volumes, so large that there was only one copy made. Garfield has a good time exploring the evolution of the encyclopedia. “What is and isn’t valued knowledge, and how best to present it, has been the recurring headache of every encyclopedia editor in history,” he writes. The author peppers the text with peculiar entries from various volumes. Despite his droll sense of humor, he consistently makes important points about the fungible nature of knowledge and the way that language changes to reflect social trends. Hard-copy encyclopedias were eventually replaced, first with searchable CDs and, eventually, Wikipedia and other digital resources. In fact, Wikipedia “plundered huge amounts of Britannica’s (out-of-copyright) eleventh edition as its core knowledge base,” writes the author. Even as paper volumes approach extinction, their legacy endures.

Garfield’s great affection for his subject shines through, making this book a pleasing, intriguing read.