KNOWING WHAT WE KNOW

A study of the problematic nature of wisdom.

Prolific historian Winchester brings his insatiable curiosity to a wide-ranging examination of how humans have acquired, retained, and passed on knowledge from ancient times to the information-saturated present. Drawing on abundant research and autobiographical reflections on personal experiences of learning, the author creates an engaging narrative populated by a vast array of individuals, including philosophers, religious figures, polymaths, inventors, and researchers from all over the world: Confucius and Aristotle, Charles Babbage and Thomas Babington Macaulay; Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Tim Berners-Lee, to name a few. Winchester examines the development of writing systems, the evolution of scrolls into books, and the various innovations for storing knowledge that have taken the form of encyclopedias, libraries, and museums. He considers the impacts of the inventions of paper, the printing press, and newspapers as well as the spread of misinformation and suppression of information by governments or political factions. Not surprisingly, he devotes much attention to computers, first demonstrated to an amazed public in 1968; the invention of hypertext; the founding of the World Wide Web; the release of Wikipedia in 2001; and the strides being made in artificial intelligence. Winchester’s overriding concern is the future of thinking: “If machines will acquire all our knowledge for us and do our thinking for us, then what, pray, is the need for us to be?” If GPS makes map-reading an antiquated skill, if Wikipedia makes retaining information unnecessary, if calculators do our math problems, what happens to the capacity of our minds? “How, in sum, do we value the knowledge that, thanks to the magic of electronics, is now cast before us in so vast and ceaseless and unstoppable a cascade?” asks the author. “Amid the torrent and its fury, what is to become of thought—care and calm and quiet thoughtfulness? What of our own chance of ever gaining wisdom? Do we need it?”

Erudite, digressive, and brimming with fascinating information.