BLUE EYES, BROWN EYES

After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Jane Elliott, a third grade teacher in “resoundingly middle class” Riceville, Iowa, devised an exercise intended to teach her students a “real, significant, and urgent” lesson about prejudice. As Bloom shows in his well-researched investigation, that lesson, in Riceville and beyond, became both admired and incendiary. Bloom, who teaches journalism at the University of Iowa, a few hours from Riceville, interviewed Elliott, her family and students, their parents, and many townspeople, beginning in 2004, when Elliott urged him to write her story—an invitation she eventually angrily withdrew. But Bloom was not dissuaded, intrigued by her career and missionary zeal as “an evangelist for the greater good.” After appearing on Johnny Carson’s late-night show, she quickly became a coveted speaker on racism, reprising for groups of adults the two-day exercise she had designed for her classroom. Dividing her students into blue eyes and brown eyes, she assigned blues to oppress browns on one day, then reversed the next day. The exercise, meant to demonstrate prejudice, caused a furor: Some third graders were traumatized by the experience, feeling bullied and manipulated. Parents accused Elliott of fomenting hatred, and the more famous she became, the more they condemned her as an opportunist and con artist. “Elliott used her experiment to make herself better than the rest,” many believed. Seen as “a know-it-all motormouth” even before the publicity, Elliott was now characterized as narcissistic and exploitative. When her exercise became the subject of documentaries for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC, and PBS; when she participated in the Nixon White House Conference on Children; when she mounted a side career as a consultant and college lecturer, the town’s hatred deepened. Creating a balanced view of both his abrasive subject and her notorious experiment, Bloom discovered that the town’s feelings still burn.