THE ART OF INSUBORDINATION

Sit down and don’t make trouble—or else read this book.

According to Kashdan, a professor of psychology, it’s important to question authority and to take a stance of “principled insubordination, a brand of deviance intended to improve society with a minimal amount of secondary harm”—to subject received wisdom and things as they are to cross-examination. The principled part is significant. Being a rebel without a clue is useless, while being principled in rebelliousness “is vital for improving society.” In a text full of psychological theories and the results of telling experiments, Kashdan examines the many ways by which we lull ourselves into accepting the status quo. Perhaps surprisingly, he notes that “disadvantaged people often do just as much (or more) to affirm a system’s validity than those who occupied privileged positions within the same system.” Indeed, “people will go to bizarre lengths to rationalize and protect a social system that harms them.” Thus the recent rise of authoritarianism, which surely begs for people who’ll say no against all those people who’ll say yes. Learning how to say no, though, requires work. Kashdan identifies pitfalls such as status quo bias, confirmation bias (seeking evidence for what you believe and ignoring what doesn’t support your view), and the hope that submission will somehow lead to a higher social or economic class. There’s also projection bias, by which we “think others tend to share our preferences, beliefs, and behaviors more than they actually do.” This often produces martyrs instead of rebels. The author counsels taking all this information with as little stress and as much self-care as possible while being brave in the face of conformity and incuriosity. Ultimately, he writes, we must commit to “raising a new generation of youth who feel emboldened to disagree, defy, and deviate from problematic norms and standards.”

A useful primer for those determined to make waves for a good cause.